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Battery Fire Explained
Lithium-ion battery fires are not single events.
They develop through a sequence of physical and chemical processes that determine whether an incident remains localized or escalates.
This page brings together TL-X’s technical explanations of battery fire behavior, testing, and mitigation into a single structured overview.
Each section below links to a deeper article focused on one stage of the battery fire lifecycle.
1. Thermal Runaway
Thermal runaway marks the point at which internal battery reactions become self-sustaining. Temperature rises rapidly, internal chemistry accelerates, and conventional suppression becomes difficult.
Understanding thermal runaway is essential for recognizing how battery fires begin.
2. OFF-GAS Generation
During thermal runaway, lithium-ion cells release vented gases commonly referred to as OFF-GAS. These gases include flammable and toxic components that increase ignition and explosion risk.
OFF-GAS behavior often determines when visible fire appears.
3. EV Fires vs Gasoline Fires
Battery fires behave differently than gasoline fires. They are internally driven chemical failures rather than fuel-limited surface fires.
This distinction explains why suppression strategies that work for conventional fires often fail with lithium-ion batteries.
4. Fire Propagation
Propagation occurs when heat and gas exposure from a failing cell causes adjacent cells to enter failure. This process determines whether an incident remains localized or escalates across a module or pack.
5. Proof and Testing
Credible battery fire safety relies on instrumented testing rather than visual suppression alone. Temperature, gas behavior, flame presence, and propagation are measured under controlled failure conditions.
Understanding how testing is performed allows safety claims to be evaluated realistically.
6. TL-X Battery Fire Safety Solution
Effective mitigation requires intervention across the battery fire failure timeline. TL-X addresses heat transfer, gas behavior, and propagation through tested material-based approaches.
This article explains how TL-X fits within the mechanisms described above.